The global conversation about Africa used to be just about the US, Europe, and China. That is obsolete. Today, the continent is being courted aggressively by assertive middle powers like the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Turkey. They are not just dabbling, they are investing heavily and often going head-to-head.

The UAE: The King of Capital The UAE has emerged as a top-tier capital investor, driven by a fierce need to diversify its oil-based economy. Their investment numbers are staggering:

• In 2023, the UAE pumped a massive $44 billion in capital into Africa, virtually matching the combined total of the UK and China. 
• Their focus is strategic: renewable energy (e.g., a $34 billion green hydrogen project in Mauritania), logistics(securing long-term port concessions), and digital infrastructure/AI.
• The UAE is positioning itself as the key global market interface for Africa, using its deep pockets to secure a front-row seat to the continent’s future. 

Turkey: Soft Power and Defense Tech

Turkey’s strategy is a masterclass in blending soft power, economic muscle, and military influence. Over the last two decades, Ankara has opened 32 new embassies and executed over $85 billion in infrastructure projects. Exports to the continent neared $20 billion in 2024. Turkey builds goodwill through aid and cultural outreach while simultaneously exporting advanced defense technology, like the renowned Bayraktar TB2 drones. This mix helps Turkey secure new markets and influence at the highest levels.

The Horn of Africa Showdown

The clearest example of this rivalry is the Horn of Africa, a geostrategic pivot point controlling vital maritime routes. The competition is fierce, driven by their respective national and regional interests.

For African nations, this competition is a dual-edged opportunity: 

• Leverage: They can expertly play the rivals off each other to extract more favorable terms, better deals, and resources. 
• Risk: There’s a danger of being drawn into their external conflicts. The bottom line is that Africa is now a destination for global competition, forcing these rising middle powers to compete for African favor, further strengthening the continent’s multi-alignment playbook.